AlgaeTraits

Definitions

Attributes/Values	Definitions	SourceID

+ Asexual reproduction	Reproduction which does not involve formation and fusion of gametes and results in progeny with an identical genetic constitution to the parent and to each other. Reproduction may occur by binary fission, budding, asexual spore formation or vegetative propagation. In asexual division in eukaryotic organisms, all cell divisions are by mitosis.	424973
yes	The taxon reproduces asexually, which is reproduction which does not involve fusion of gametes or meiosis and usually results in progeny with an identical genetic constitution to the parent and to each other. Asexual reproduction may amongst others occur by binary fission, budding, asexual spore formation or vegetative propagation (adapted from Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
by unknown mechanism	Asexual reproduction is detected, but the underpinning mechanism is unknown. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
by direct development of spores	Reproduction by asexual spores resulting in a new individual of the same ploidy (exospore, endospore, monospore, bispore, paraspore, zoospore, aplanospore, autospore). (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
by fragmentation	Type of asexual reproduction in which the organism breaks up into smaller pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual, as in some algae.	424973
by parthenogenesis	Reproduction from a female gamete without fertilization by a male gamete (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Direct development of a new individual from an unfused gamete. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
by vegetative propagules	Any spore, seed, fruit or other part of a plant or microorganism capable of producing a new plant and used as a means of dispersal (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Asexual reproduction by development of a new individual from a vegetative progagule. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
by binary fission	Binary fission in prokaryotic organisms, the chief mode of division, in which a cell divides into two equal daughter cells, each containing a copy of the chromosome.	424973
by budding	(1) production of buds; (2) (zool.) method of asexual reproduction common in sponges, coelenterates and some other invertebrates, in which new individuals develop as outgrowths of the parent organism, and may eventually be set free; (3) (bot.) artificial vegetative propagation by insertion of a bud within the bark of another plant; (4) (mycol.) cell division by the outgrowth of a new cell from the parent cell; (5) (virol.) release of certain animal viruses from the host cell by their envelopment in a piece of plasma membrane which subsequently pinches off from the cell.	424973
no	The taxon does not reproduce asexually, which is reproduction which does not involve formation and fusion of gametes and results in progeny with an identical genetic constitution to the parent and to each other. Reproduction may occur by binary fission, budding, asexual spore formation or vegetative propagation. In asexual division in eukaryotic organisms, all cell divisions are by mitosis.	424973
unknown	According to literature it is unknown whether or not this organism reproduces asexually.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Body shape	The general shape of the body of an organism.
branched	Forming main and lateral branches (and branchlets) (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
capitate	(1) Enlarged or swollen at tip; (2) Gathered into a mass at tip of stem or apex (Adapted from Lawrence, 2005 - Henderson's dictionary of Biology).	424973
crustose	Forming a thin crust on the substratum, appl. certain lichens, sponges, algae (adapted from Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
cushion-like	Approximating the shape of a cushion (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
discoid	(1) Flat and circular; (2) Disc-shaped (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
erect	Upright; (1) appl. ovule, directed towards summit of ovary; (2) appl. plants, growing upright, not decumbent.	424973
filamentous	Existing out of a branched or unbranched row of cells joined end to end (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
flabellate	With projecting flaps on one side, appl. to certain insect antennae (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Fan-shaped, thallus usually expanding upward from a narrow base. (macroalgae thallus; Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
foliose	(1) With many leaves; (2) Having leaf-like lobes, appl. the thallus of some lichens and liverworts (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Leaf-like (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	424973
pinnate	(1) Divided in a feathery manner; (2) having lateral processes; (3) (bot.) of a compound leaf, having leaflets on each side of an axis or midrib (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). With laterals or branches arranged along each side of an axis or branch (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	424973
prostrate	Trailing on the ground or lying closely along a surface (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
saccate	Pouched (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Inflated, or sac-like (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	424973
spheric	Approximating the shape of a sphere (macroalgae thallus; Womersley, 1987).	345374
tubular	In the form of a tube, having tubes, consisting of tubes (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	424973
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what the body shape (thallus) is for this taxon.
filiform	Resembling a filament (Olivier De Clerck). Thread-like.	380501
mucilaginous	Consisting of a slippery and slimy texture (Maggs & Hommersand, 1993). Containing, or composed of mucilage (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	200744
stoloniferous	Forming a prostrate axis, lying on or in the substrate, from which erect branches arise (Womersley, 1984). Bearing a stolon or stolons (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005).	200706
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Body size	A measurement of the size of the organism. The measurement used to express body size varies within taxonomic groups. For example, some disciplines measure diameter, others carapace length, total body length or wing span. Also, body size can vary with gender and life stage.
+ Corresponding length	Corresponding length of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
+ Corresponding width	Corresponding width of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
+ Dimension	The dimension of a body size (e.g. length, width, diameter).
length	Maximum recorded linear body length (in millimetres) excluding appendages. [Source: https://marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Bodylength]
width	A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body. [Source: https://marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Width]	424864
diameter	The length of a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere.
height
thickness
wingspan	The distance between the wing tips when the wings are held outstretched.
volume
corresponding length	Corresponding length of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
corresponding width	Corresponding width of a length-width pair for Nematoda.
thallus length	Maximum length observed for the regarding thallus feature.
thallus diameter	Maximum diameter observed for the regarding thallus feature.
weight
corresponding weight
standard length (SL)	The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale {because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL.	1128
total length (TL)	The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL.	1128
fork length (FL)	Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics.	1128
width of disk (WD)	The greatest distance between the lateral tips of the pectoral fins in Rajiformes.	1128
prosome length	Length of the promose, which is the anterior tagma of the copepod body comprising the cephalosome plus the first to fifth pedigerous somites in gymnoplean copepods, and the cephalosome plus the first to fourth pedigerous somites in podoplean copepods.	93637
patch diameter	Diameter of a mat, cluster or tuft of individuals.	451427
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Sex	The sex of an organism. The sum of all structural, functional and behavioural characteristics distingiusing males, females and hermaphrodites. (Lincoln et al., 1998). The sum characteristics, structures, features and functions by which a plant or animal is classed as male or female. In some animals sex is entirely genetically determined, in others the sex may change in response to environmental conditions. (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005)	416344
male	The attribute is valid for organisms of the male gender; the sperm producing form of a a bisexual or dioecious organism.	416344
female	The attribute is valid for organisms of the female gender; the egg producing form of a bisexual or dioecious organism.	416344
male & female	The attribute is valid for both organisms of the male gender and organisms of the female gender.
hermaphrodite	The attribute is valid for hermaphroditic organisms. Having both male and female reproductive organs in the same individual (animal) or the same flower (plant); androgyne; bisexual; the maturation of the male organs before the female is protandrous hermaphroditism; the female before the male is protogynous hermaphroditism, and simultaneously is syncrhonous hermaphroditism.	416344
undetermined	It has not yet been determined for which gender this attribute is valid.
male/unsexed	The attribute is valid for organisms of the male gender or for organisms for which the gender has not yet been identified.
+ Type	The type of a body size (e.g. minimum, maximum, average).
minimum
maximum
average
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which type this body size is.
mean
standard mean
common
+ Unit	The unit of a body size (e.g. m, cm, mm).
µm	micrometer
mm	millimeter
cm	centimeter
m	meter
cm²	square centimeter
dm²	square decimeter
m²	square meter
cm³	cubic centimeter
inches	inch
kg	kilogram
ton	ton
+ Calcification	Mode of calcification of seaweed.
calcified articulated	Algal thallus that is encrusted or impregnated with lime with non-calcified articulae rendering the thallus a segmented nature (macroalgae).	345374
calcified non-articulated	Algal thallus that is encrusted or impregnated with lime lacking non-calcified articulae (macroalgae).	345374
non-calcified	Algal thallus not encrusted or impregnated with lime (macroalgae).	345374
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature whether or not the algal thallus is calcified (macroalgae).	345374
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Cytomorphology	This trait describes whether or not an organism is unicellular. For algae, this means the relationship between cell structure and thallus organisation. Examples include uninucleate unicellular organisms, multicellular thalli composed of uninucleate cells, multicellular thalli composed of multinucleate cells, and macroscopic thalli composed of a single giant tubular cell (siphonous or acellular thalli).	380516
unicellular	Having only one cell, or consisting of one cell.	424973
siphonous	Thallus consisting of a large tubular multinucleate cell (siphon) lacking cross-walls except during the formation of reproductive structures (note that many species of Dasycladales remain uninucleate throughout much of their life cycle with a giant diploid nucleus that only divides at the onset of reproduction). Also known as acellular.	380516
non-unicellular	Having more than one cell, or consisting of more than one cell (adapted from Henderson's Dictionary of Biology).	424973
coenocytic	Multicellular thallus composed of multinucleate cells. Also known as siphonocladous.	380516
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Dispersion mode	1: The pattern of distribution of organisms or populations in space. 2: The non-accidental movement of individuals into or out of an area or population, typically a movement over a relatively short distance and of a more or less regular nature; cf. migration. (Lincoln et al., 1998)	416344
aplanospores	A non-motile spore, without power of locomotion (Lincoln et al., 1998). A non-motile resting spore (Henderson's Dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005). A non-motile, asexual spore ((Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.).	416344
monospores	A simple or undivided spore.	424973
motile spores	Spores are flagellate and can therefore disperse. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
one motile gamete	Only the male gamete is flagellate and can therefore disperse. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
two motile gametes	Both male and female gametes are flagellate and can therefore disperse. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
vegetative fragmentation	Type of asexual reproduction in which the organism breaks up into smaller pieces, each of which can develop into a new individual.	424973
thallus fragmentation and drift	A part of the thallus can be lost and drift. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
vegetative propagation	Any spore, seed, fruit or other part of a plant or microorganism capable of producing a new plant and used as a means of dispersal (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Vegetative reproduction by propagules that can also be used as a means of dispersal. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	424973
presence of buoyance structures	Individuals exhibit gas-filled structures that favourise their floating. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
species cultivated or sold in aquaria trade	The species is cultivated or sold in aquaria trade. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
species growing on artificial substrate	The species is growing on artificial substrate such as harbour walls, boat hulls, piers, buoys. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which dispersion mode this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which dispersion mode this taxon has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Environmental position	Position relative to substratum or fluid medium (air/water).
endolithic	Growing within a rock or other hard inorganic substratum; petriculous; saxicavous; cf. epilithic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Living or penetrating into rock, as some algae and fungi (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
endophytic	A plant living within another plant; entophytic; cf. ectophytic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Bacterium, fungus or alga living inside the body or cells of an organism to which they cause no apparent damage. alt. endosymbiont (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
endozoic	Living within or passing through the body of an animal; entozoic; cf. epizoic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Living within an animal or involving passage through an animal, as in the distribution of some seeds (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
epilithic	Growing on rocks or other hard inorganic substrata; petrophillous; cf. endolithic (Lincoln et al., 1998). Attached on rocks, appl. algae, lichens (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
epiphytic	1: A plant growing on another plant (the phorophyte) for support or anchorage rather than for water supply or nutrients; aerophyte. 2: Any organism living on the surface of a plant. (Lincoln et al., 1998). Plant that lives on the surface of another plant but does not derive nourishment from it (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
epizoic	Living attached to the body of an animal; used of a non-parasitic animal that lives attached to the outer surface of another animal; epizoan, epizoism, epizoite, epizoon; cf. endozoic (Lincoln et al., 1998). (1) living on or attached to the body of an animal; (2) having seeds or fruits dispersed by being attached to the surface of an animal (Henderson's dictionary of biology; Lawrence, 2005).	416344
unattached	Growing without attachment to any type of substrate. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
epipsamnic	Growing in or on sand or other soft inorganic or organic substratum (Olivier De Clerck). Attached to sand particles (Lincoln et al., 1998).	380501
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Gamete type	Descriptors of the relative size of gametes.
anisogamous	Having gametes of dissimilar size, shape or behaviour; cf. isogamous (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
isogamous	Having gametes that are similar in size, shape and behaviour; having gametes (isogametes) not differentiated into male and female; cf. anisogamous (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
oogamous	Having a reproduction involving a large, non-motile female gamete (egg cell) and a small, motile male gamete (sperm cell or equivalent), except for red algae in which the male gamete is also non-motile (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	345374
not applicable	The attribute "gamete type" is not applicable for this taxon.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which gamete type this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what the gamete type is for this taxon.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Gametophyte arrangement	Trait that describes the male and female reproductive structures.
dioecious	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on the separate individual and the sex is determined in diploid phase.	380506
dioicous	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on the separate individual and the sex is determined in haploid phase.	380506
mixed	With individuals bearing only male or female reproductive structures and indivduals bearing both male and female reproductive structures in one species.	380506
monoecious	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on same individuals and the sex is determined in diploid phase.	380506
monoicous	When male and female reproductive structures are formed on same individuals and the sex is determined in haploid phase.	380506
not applicable	The attribute "gametophyte arrangement" is not applicable for this taxon.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which gametophyte arrangement this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what the gametophyte arrangement is for this taxon.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Generation time	1: The average duration of a life cycle between birth and reproduction. 2: The mean period of time between reproduction of the parent generation and reproduction of the first filial generation. (Lincoln et al., 1998). Period of time to complete a life cycle in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	416344
1 to 3 months	Life cycle completed in 1 to 3 months in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
3 to 12 months	Life cycle completed in 3 to 12 months in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
1 to 3 years	Life cycle completed in 1 to 3 years in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
more than 3 years	Life cycle completed in more than 3 years in the lab. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Life cycle	The type of life cycle an organism has. Life cycle according to Lincoln et al., 1998: 1: The sequence of events from the origin as a zygote, to the death of an individual. 2: Those stages through which an organism passes between the production of gametes by one generation and the production of gametes by the next.	416344
diplontic	[diplont] Having a life cycle in which the direct products of meiosis act as gametes; only the gametes of diplonts are haploid; cf. haplont (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
haplodiplontic	Having a life cycle with alternating free-living gametophyte and sporophyte phases (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	345374
heteromorphic	Organisms with the gametophyte and sporophyte of different morphology and size (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987). Having different forms at different times or at different stages of the life cycle; used of a plant having an alternation of vegetatively dissimilar generations; heteromorphous; cf. homomorphic (Lincoln et al., 1998).	345374
isomorphic	Organisms with the gametophyte and sporophyte of similar morphology and size (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987). Used of a plant having an alternation between diploid and haploid generations which are morphologically similar in appearance; homomoprhic; isomorphous; cf. heteromorphic (Lincoln et al., 1998).	345374
not applicable	It is not applicable whether this taxon is heteromorphic or isomorphic.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown whether this organism is heteromorphic or isomorphic.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature whether this taxon is heteromorphic or isomorphic.
haplontic	[haplont] Having a life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase; only the zygote of the haplonts is diploid; cf. diplont.	416344
unknown	According to literature it is unknown what life cycle this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature what life cycle this taxon has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Life span	Longevity; the maximum or mean duration of life of an individual or group.	416344
annual	(1) Appl. structures or growth features that are marked off or completed yearly; (2) living for a year only; (3) completing life-cycle in a year from germination; (4) n. plant that completes its life-cycle in a year. (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Thallus which survives only one growing season (less than 1 year) (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	424973
ephemeral	(1) Short-lived; (2) taking place once only, appl. plant movements as expanding buds; (3) completing life-cycle within a brief period; (4) n. a short-lived plant or animal species (Henderson's Dictionary of Biology; Lawrence, 2005). Thallus which survives for only a few weeks (less than 1 month) (macroalgae; Womersley, 1987).	424973
perennial	Plant which persists for several years.	424973
long perennial	Thallus or part thereof with a lifespan exceeding 3 years (more than 3 years) (macroalgae; Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
short perennial	Thallus or part thereof with a lifespan exceeding 1 year but under 3 years (macroalgae; Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which life span this organism has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Macroalgal blooming	Types of blooming specific for macroalgae species.
yes	The species has the potential to go through episodes of intense growth and mass proliferation of the thallus under specific environmental conditions such as high nutrient and temperature conditions.	380516
no	The species does not have the obvious potential to go through episodes of intense growth and mass proliferation of the thallus under specific environmental conditions such as high nutrient and temperature conditions.	380516
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Reproductive frequency	Trait that describes the fertility period of an organism.
all over the year	Fertile individuals observed all over the year. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
one long period a year	A unique fertility period lasting more than 1 month. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
one short period a year	A unique fertility period lasting less than 1 month. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
several long periods a year	Several distinct fertility periods lasting more than 1 month each. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
several short periods a year	Several distinct fertility periods lasting less than 1 month each.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Seasonality	Trait that describes the periodicity of an organism related to the seasons.
spring	The organism can be observed in spring.
summer	The organism can be observed in summer.
autumn	The organism can be observed in autumn.
winter	The organism can be observed in winter.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature in which season(s) this organism can be reported.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Locality (MRGID)	Marine Regions Geographic IDentifier (MRGID) for a place name in the Marine Regions gazetteer
+ Spawning	The release of gametes or eggs into the water (Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
fertilisation in the water column	Fertilization with gametes released in the water column.
fertilisation on female gametophyte	Female gamete retained on the female gametophyte (e.g. Rhodophyta).	380501
not applicable	The attribute "spawning" is not applicable for this taxon.
unknown	According to literature it is unknown which spawning mechanism this organism has.
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature whether or not there is spawning for this taxon.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Thallus vertical space used	Trait that describes whether an organism belongs to the canopy, sub-canopy, turf, or is encrusting.
canopy	Vegetation of macroalgae or plants partially blocking light penetration, thereby creating a shaded understory. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
encrusting	With a crustose growth form (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
sub-canopy	Forming a secondary cover, usually of 20 cm height maximum (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
turf	Vegetation dominated by macroalgae with limited vertical height, usually < 5 cm height. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Tolerance to pollutants	Trait that describes how tolerant to pollutants an organism is.
clear waters	Waters where visisbility is most of the time > 10 m. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
eutrophic waters	Having high primary productivity; pertaining to waters rich in nutrients (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
mesotrophic waters	Having intermediate levels of primary productivity; pertaining to waters having intermediate levels of nutrients (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
moderately turbid waters	Waters where visibility is most of the time > 1m and < 10m. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
oligotrophic waters	Having low primary productivity; pertaining to waters having low levels of nutrients (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).	416344
waters with variable turbidity	Waters where turbidity varies periodically. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
turbid waters	Waters where visibility is most of the time < 1m. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Wave exposure	Trait that describes the range of exposure to wave action in which the organism is recorded.
exposed	Subject to high energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
high energy rock	Rocky substrate subject to high energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
features of rock	Specific characteristics of rocky substrate such as pools, caves, overhangs, surge gulleys, artificial hard substrata. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
semi-exposed	Subject to moderate energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
moderate energy rock	Rocky substrate subject to moderate energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
sheltered	Subject to low energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
coarse sediments	Coarse sediments such as gravel, pebbles, shingles and cobbles ocurring at sheltered locations. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
low energy rock	Rocky substrate subject to low energy wave forces. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
macrophyte-dominated sediments	Sediments with a high cover of macroalgae or seagrasses. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
mud-dominated sediments	Sediments composed of a mixture of clay (< 2 um) and silt (4 - 62 um) typically deposited in a low energy environment. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
sand-dominated sediments	Sediments composed of a mixture of sand particles (0.074 - 4.75 mm) typically deposited in a low energy environment. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which wave exposure this organism has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Zonation	The distribution of organisms in distinctive areas, layers or zones. It is important to note that variations in depth and definition occur depending on the source, area or research purpose. The depth ranges and definitions within the zonation attribute were agreed upon by the WoRMS Steering Committee based on diverse sources.
Pelagic zones
Epipelagic zone (0-200 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from the surface to 200 m. Because this zone has sufficient light penetration for photosynthesis, it is sometimes referred to as the photic zone.
Mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from 200 to 1000 m.
Bathypelagic zone (1000-4000 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from 1000 to 4000 m.
Abyssopelagic zone (4000-6000 m)	The depth zone of the water column extending from 4000 to 6000 m.
Hadopelagic zone (deeper than 6000 m)	The depth zone of the water column exceeding 6000 m. This zone corresponds to submarine trenches.
Benthic zones
Littoral zone (0-200 m)	The littoral zone extends from the shoreline to the edge of the continental shelf, typically down to 200 m deep. It is important to note that there is no single definition for the littoral zone because its full extent and divisions vary in different contexts and sources. The littoral zone includes the intertidal, but also all neritic waters within the bounds of the continental shelves. Although the littoral zone is larger than the intertidal zone, littoral and intertidal are often used interchangeably. The part of the shore covering the intertidal and the splash zone, with the upper limit marked by the top of the lichen zone and the lower limit marked by the top of the laminarian kelp zone. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Supralittoral zone/Supratidal zone	The supralittoral zone comprises the area above the high tide mark. This zone is also referred to as the supratidal zone. The supralittoral zone can be further divided into the spray zone and splash zone.
Eulittoral zone/Mediolittoral zone/Intertidal zone	The eulittoral zone comprises the area between the high tide mark and the low tide mark. This zone is also referred to as the mediolittoral zone, midlittoral zone or the intertidal zone. Allhough the intertidal zone is part of the littoral zone, littoral and intertidal are often used interchangeably (see definition for Littoral zone).
Sublittoral zone/Subtidal zone	The sublittoral zone comprises the seafloor from the low tide mark to the edge of the continental shelf, typically down to 200 m deep. The shallowest portion of the sublittoral zone is sometimes referred to as the subtidal zone. Allthough the sublitoral zone is larger than the subtidal zone, sublittoral and subtidal are often used interchangeably. The part of the shore continuously covered by water, below the intertidal zone. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Infralittoral zone	The upper subdivision of the sublittoral zone, typically dominated by photosynthetic organisms.
Upper infralittoral zone	The region of the sublittoral which extends from the lower limit of the infralittoral to the maximum depth at which photosynthesis is still possible. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Lower infralittoral zone	The part of the infralittoral zone that supports scattered kelp plants. (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Circalittoral zone	The lower subdivision of the sublittoral zone, typically dominated by animals.
Upper circalittoral zone	Dominated by animals with sparse foliose algae except where grazed. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata distinguished by the presence of scattered foliose algae amongst the dominating animals; its lower limit is the maximum limit of depth for foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). (Definition composed by Line Le Gall, Olivier De Clerck, Sofie Vranken and Marine Robuchon, based on diverse literature sources, in the framework of compiling macroalgae traits.)	425895
Bathyal zone (200-4000 m)	The bathyal zone comprises sea floors at depths between 200 and 4000 m. This zone generally corresponds to the continental slope.
Abyssal zone (4000-6000 m)	The abyssal zone comprises sea floors at depths between 4000 and 6000 m. This zone generally corresponds to the abyssal plain.
Hadal zone (deeper than 6000 m)	The hadal zone comprises sea floors at depths exceeding 6000 m. This zone corresponds to submarine trenches.
Unreported	So far it has not been reported in literature which zonation this organism has.
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
+ Life stage	(click on Life stage at the bottom of the page to expand)
adult	The reproductively capable (mature), fully formed, usually longest lived, stage of an animals life cycle.
juvenile	Young bird or other animal, before it has acquired full adult plumage or form.	424973
egg	(1) ovum q.v.; (2) in certain animals, e.g. reptiles, birds, amphibians and insects, a structure composed of the fertilized ovum and nutritive and protective tissues, surrounded by a protective shell, which is laid by the female, and from which the young animal hatches.	424973
larva	Independently living, post-embryonic stage of an animal that is markedly different in form from the adult and which undergoes metamorphosis into the adult form, e.g. caterpillar, grub, tadpole.	424973
planula	The ovoid free-swimming ciliated larva of coelenterates.	424973
tadpole	Llarval stage in the life cycle of an amphibian, particularly frog or toad. Also called "pollywog".
postlarva
spat	The spawn or young of bivalve molluscs.	424973
subadult
zoea	Early larval form of certain decapod crustaceans.	424973
nauplius	Earliest larval stage of many crustaceans, with three pairs of appendages.	424973
polyp	(1) Sedentary individual or zooid of a colonial animal; (2) in coelenterates, an individual having a tubular body, usually with a mouth and ring of tentacles on top, like a miniature sea anemone.	424973
medusa	One of the forms of individuals of coelenterates of the classes Hydrozoa (hydroids) and Scyphozoa (jellyfish). It is bell-shaped, with a tube hanging down in the centre ending in a mouth, and tentacles around the edge of the bell, and is the form commonly called a jellyfish. It forms the free-swimming sexual reproductive stage of most hydrozoans, and is large and conspicuous in jellyfish.	424973
ephyra	Imature medusa in some jellyfish, formed by strobilization from a polyp.	424973
megalops	A larval stage of certain crustaceans such as crabs, which has large stalked eyes and a crab-like cephalothorax.	424973
hydroid	One of the forms of individuals in the Hydrozoa, a class of solitary and colonial coelenterates, having a hollow cylindrical body closed at one end and with a mouth at the other surrounded by tentacles.	424973
manca	Larval (juvenile) stage of some isopods.	424973
cypris	The nonfeeding larval stage prior to metamorphosis into the cyprid (unknown source). Larval stage that follows the nauplius stage in cirripedes (Lawrence, 2005).	424973
hatchling
copepodite I	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the nauplius life stage; determined by 2 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite II	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite I life stage; determined by 3 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite III	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite II life stage; determined by 4 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite IV	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite III life stage; determined by 5 swimming legs.	6961
copepodite V	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite IV life stage; pre-adult stage; determined by enlargement of the urosome and development of sexual organs.	6961
copepodite VI	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005). There are six life stages for copepods after the nauplius stage. Each life stage stages can be defined by the number of legs an individual has. Copepoda life stage after the copepodite V life stage; adult stage; 5th leg is fully complete.	6961
gametophyte	The haploid sexual phase of a plant which exhibits an alternation of generations, from which gametes are produced, usually by mitotic division; the haploid gametophyte is typically formed by meiotic division of a diploid sporophyte q.v.; gamophyte; haplophyte.	416344
sporophyte	The diploid, spore-producing, asexual generation in the life cycle of a plant; typically formed by fusion of haploid gametes; diplophyte; synkaryophyte.	416344
macrothallus	The larger, conspicuous, phase in the life history of an organism, as contrasted with the microthallus.	200706
microthallus	The smaller, often inconspicuous, phase in the life history of an organisms, as contrasted with the marcrothallus.	380501
neonate	Newborn animal.	424973
1-year old	An animal that has reached the age of 1 year.
foetus	Mammalian embryo after the stage at which it becomes recognizable.	424973
podocyst	A cyst beneath the pedal discs of scyphozoan polyps.
polygastric	Main, asexual life stage of calycophoran siphonophores. The polygastric stage is comprised of an anterior nectophore and a posterior nectophore, joined together to form a functional swimming unit. This resembles the "adult" life stage in Calycophorae, although the term "adult" should not be used for Siphonophorae. Cf. Physonectae and Cystonectae, where this life stage is called "colony".	391288
eudoxid	Sexual stage of siphonophores.	391288
colony	Main, asexual life stage of physonect and cystonect siphonophores. This resembles the "adult" life stage in Physonectae and Cystonectae, although the term "adult" should not be used for Siphonophorae. cf. Calycophorae, where this life stage is called "polygastric".	391288
medusoid	A life stage resembling or developing into a medusa.	424973
cerinula	larval stage within Ceriantharia
pilidium	The characteristic helmet-shaped larva of nemertine worms.	424973
akinetes	Akinetes are resting cells that develop from solitary cells or after the fusion of two or more neighboring cells, and occur in several members of the Nostocales (Cyanobacteria) (Komárek and Johansen 2015, p. 138).	415851
resting spore	The diatom resting spores are first and foremost recognized by their heavily silicified frustules. The resting spore morphology of some species is similar to that of the corresponding vegetative cells, whereas in other species, the resting spores and the vegetative cells differ drastically. Diatom resting spores are normally formed as a response to unfavorable environmental conditions, and germination occurs when the conditions improve. Resting spore formation is common in centric, but rare in pennate marine planktonic diatoms (Hasle and Syvertsen 1997, p. 11).	238097
resting cyst	A dormant stage in which normal life processes are generally reduced (Fensome et al. 1993, p. 260).	415852
temporary cyst	A general term for nonmotile stages other than resting cysts (Dale 1983, p. 78).	415853
gametes	Haploid reproductive cell which, on fusion with another gamete produces a diploid cell (zygote) (Fensome et al. 1993, p. 254).	415852
auxospore	Large cell resulting from sexual reproduction or autogamy. In diatoms, they lack the rigid valve construction as other cells; instead, they are covered by delicate siliceous scales or bands (= perizonium) (Wehr et al. 2015, p. 964).	334095
copepodite stage not specified	Juvenile stage after the nauplius stage in copepods (Lawrence, 2005).

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